CSE 111 | Learning Activities

W03 Prepare: Testing Functions

During this lesson, you will learn to use a more systematic approach to developing code. Specifically, you will learn how to write test functions that automatically verify that program functions are correct. You will learn how to use a Python module named pytest to run your test functions, and you will learn how to read the output of pytest to help you find and fix mistakes in your code.

Concepts

Here are the Python programming concepts and topics that you should learn during this lesson:

Inefficient Testing

During previous lessons, you tested your programs by running them, typing user input, reading the program’s output, and verifying that the output was correct. This is a valid way to test a program. However, it is time consuming, tedious, and error prone. A much better way to test a program is to test its functions individually and to write separate test functions that automatically verify that the program’s functions are correct.

In this course, you will write test functions in a Python file that is separate from your Python program. In other words, you will keep normal program code and test code in separate files.

Assert Statements

In a computer program, an assertion is a statement that causes the computer to check if a comparison is true. When the computer checks the comparison, if the comparison is true, the computer will continue to execute the code in the program. However, if the comparison is false, the computer will raise an AssertionError, which will likely cause the program to terminate. (In Week 05 you will learn how to write code to handle errors so that a program won’t terminate when the computer raises an error.)

A programmer writes assertions in a program to inform the computer of comparisons that must be true in order for the program to run successfully. The Python keyword to write an assertion is assert. Imagine a program used by a bank to track account balances, deposits, and withdrawals. A programmer might write the first few lines of the deposit function like this:

def deposit(amount):
  # In order for this program to work correctly and
  # for the bank records to be correct, we must not
  # allow someone to deposit a zero or negative amount.
  assert amount > 0
    ⋮

The assert statement at line 5 in the previous example will cause the computer to check if the amount is greater than zero (0). If the amount is greater than zero, the computer will continue to execute the program. However, if the amount is zero or less (negative), the computer will raise an AssertionError, which will likely cause the program to terminate.

A programmer can write any valid Python comparison in an assert statement. Here are a few examples from various unrelated programs:

assert temperature < 0
assert len(given_name) > 0
assert balance == 0
assert school_year != "senior"

The pytest Module

pytest is a third-party Python module that makes it easy to write and run test functions. There are other Python testing modules besides pytest, but pytest seems to be the easiest to use. pytest is not a standard Python module. It is a third-party module. This means that when you installed Python on your computer, pytest was not installed, and you will need to install pytest in order to use it. During the checkpoint of this lesson, you will use a standard Python module named pip to install pytest.

pytest allows a programmer to write simple test functions. The name of each test function should begin with "test_", and each test function should use the Python assert statement to verify that a program function returns a correct result. For example, if we want to verify that the built-in min function works correctly, we could write a test function like this:

def test_min():
  assert min(7, -3, 0, 2) == -3

In the previous test function, the assert statement will cause the computer to first call the min function and pass 7, −3, 0, and 2 as arguments to the min function. The min function will find the minimum value of its parameters and return that minimum value. Then the assert statement will compare the returned minimum value to −3. If the returned value is not −3, the assert statement will raise an exception which will cause pytest to print an error message.

Comparing Floating Point Numbers

Within a computer’s memory, everything (all numbers, text, sound, pictures, movies, everything) is stored using the binary number system. While executing a Python program, a computer stores integers in binary in a way that exactly represents the integers. For example, a computer stores the integer 23 as 00010111 in binary which is an exact representation of decimal 23. However, a computer approximates floating-point numbers (numbers with digits after the decimal place). For example, while executing a Python program, a computer stores the floating-point number 23.7 as binary 0100000000110111101100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011. This binary number is actually 23.69999999999999928945726424 in decimal which is an approximation to 23.7

Because computers approximate floating-point numbers, we must carefully compare them in our test functions. It is a bad practice to check if floating-point numbers are equal using just the equality operator (==). A better way to compare two floating-point numbers is to subtract them and check if their difference is small as shown at line 6 of example 4.

# Example 4
# The variables e and f can be any floating-
# point numbers from any calculation.
e = 7.135
f = 7.128
if abs(e - f) < 0.01:
    print(f"{e} and {f} are close enough so")
    print("we'll consider them to be equal.")
else:
    print(f"{e} and {f} are not close and")
    print("therefor not equal.")

In example 4 at line 6, if the difference between e and f is less than 0.01, the computer will consider the two numbers to be equal. The number 0.01 in the comparison at line 6 is called the tolerance. The tolerance is the maximum difference between two floating-point numbers that the programmer will allow and still consider the numbers to be equal.

`approx` Function

The comparison in example 4 at line 6 is a little tedious to write and read. Also, choosing the tolerance is sometimes difficult. The pytest module contains a function named approx to help us compare floating-point numbers more easily. The approx function^* compares two floating-point numbers and returns True if they are equal within an appropriate tolerance.

approx is not a function. It is a Python class. Because CSE 111 students have not yet learned about classes, this document refers to approx as a function. For the purposes of CSE 111, it is sufficient for students to think of approx as a function.

The approx function has the following function header:

def approx(expected_value, rel=None, abs=None, nan_ok=False)

Notice that the last three parameters of the approx function have default values: rel=None, abs=None, nan_ok=False. Because they have default values, when we call approx, we’re not required to pass arguments for the last three parameters. In other words in a test function, we can call approx like this:

def test_function():
  assert actual_value == approx(expected_value)

If we call approx with just one argument, approx will compare the actual value and expected value and return True if the difference between the two values is less than one millionth of the expected value. In other words, one millionth of the expected value (expected_value / 1000000) is the default tolerance. Sometimes this is not the right tolerance. The approx function has two parameters, rel and abs, that we can use to give approx a better tolerance to use in its comparison. For example, to test the math.sqrt function, we could write a test function like this:

# Example 5
def test_sqrt():
  assert math.sqrt(5) == approx(2.24, rel=0.01)

Notice the rel named argument in line 3 of the previous example. The rel named argument causes the approx function to compute the tolerance relative to the expected value. This means that the assert statement and the approx function at line 3 in the previous example cause the computer to verify that the actual value returned from math.sqrt(5) is within 1% (0.01) of 2.24. When a programmer uses the rel named argument, the approx function uses code similar to example 6 to determine if the actual and expected values are equal.

# Example 6
# Compute the tolerance.
tolerance = expected_value * rel
# Use the tolerance to determine if the actual
# and expected values are close enough to be
# considered equal.
if abs(actual_value - expected_value) < tolerance:
    return True
else:
    return False

From lines 3 and 7 of example 6, we learn that approx will return True if the difference between the actual value returned from math.sqrt(5) and the expected value is less than 0.0224 (2.24 * 0.01).

We can also use the abs named argument to give approx a tolerance. We can write a test for the math.sqrt function like this:

# Example 7
def test_sqrt():
    assert math.sqrt(5) == approx(2.24, abs=0.01)

Notice the abs named argument in line 3 of the previous example. The abs named argument causes the approx function to return True if the difference between the actual and expected values is less than the number in abs (0.01 in the previous example). This is different from the rel named argument which causes approx to return True if the difference is less than rel * expected_value. The abs named argument is simpler and easier to understand than the rel named argument.

How to Test a Function

To test a function you should do the following:

Write a function that is part of your normal Python program.
Think about different parameter values that will cause the computer to execute all the code in your function and will possibly cause your function to fail or return an incorrect result.
In a separate Python file, write a test function that calls your program function and uses an assert statement to automatically verify that the value returned from your program function is correct.
Use pytest to run the test function.
Read the output of pytest and use that output to help you find and fix mistakes in both your program function and test function.

Example

Below is a simple function named cels_from_fahr that converts a temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius and returns the Celsius temperature. The cels_from_fahr function is part of a larger Python program in a file named weather.py.

# weather.py
def cels_from_fahr(fahr):
  """Convert a temperature in Fahrenheit to
  Celsius and return the Celsius temperature.
  """
  cels = (fahr - 32) * 5 / 9
  return cels

We want to test the cels_from_fahr function. From the function header at line 2 in weather.py, we see that cels_from_fahr takes one parameter named fahr. To adequately test this function, we should call it at least three times with the following arguments.

a negative number
zero
a positive number

In a separate file named test_weather.py we write a test function named test_cels_from_fahr as follows:

# test_weather.py
from weather import cels_from_fahr
from pytest import approx
import pytest
def test_cels_from_fahr():
    """Test the cels_from_fahr function by calling it and
    comparing the values it returns to the expected values.
    Notice this test function uses pytest.approx to compare
    floating-point numbers.
    """
    assert cels_from_fahr(-25) == approx(-31.66667)
    assert cels_from_fahr(0) == approx(-17.77778)
    assert cels_from_fahr(32) == approx(0)
    assert cels_from_fahr(70) == approx(21.1111)
# Call the main function that is part of pytest so that the
# computer will execute the test functions in this file.
pytest.main(["-v", "--tb=line", "-rN", __file__])

Notice in test_weather.py at lines 11–14 that the test function test_cels_from_fahr calls the program function cels_from_fahr four times: once with a negative number, once with zero, and twice with positive numbers. Notice also that the test function uses assert and approx.

After writing the test function, we use pytest to run the test function. At line 17, instead of writing a call to the main function, as we do in program files, we write a call to the pytest.main function. In CSE 111, at the bottom of all test files, we will write a call to pytest.main exactly as shown in line 17. This call to pytest.main will cause the pytest module to run all the test functions in the test_weather.py file. When pytest runs the test functions, it will produce output that tells us if the tests passed or failed like this:

> python test_weather.py
===================== test session starts ======================
platform win32--Python 3.8.6, pytest-6.1.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.1
rootdir: C:\Users\cse111\week3
collected 1 item
test_weather.py::test_cels_from_fahr PASSED               [100%]
====================== 1 passed in 0.10s =======================

As shown above, pytest runs the test_cels_from_fahr function which calls the cels_from_fahr function four times and verifies that cels_from_fahr returns the correct value each time. We can see from the output of pytest, "PASSED [100%]" and "1 passed", that the cels_from_fahr function returned the expected (correct) result all four times.

Separating Program Code from Test Code

In CSE 111, we will write test functions in a file separate from program functions. It is a good idea to separate test functions and program functions because the separation makes it easy to release a program to users without releasing the test functions to them. In general, users of a program don’t want the test functions. One consequence of writing program functions and test functions in separate files is that we must add an import statement at the top of the test file that imports all the program functions that will be tested.

Line 2 from test_weather.py above is an example of an import statement that imports functions from a program file. Line 3 matches this template:

from file_name import function_1, function_2, … function_N

When the computer imports functions from a file, the computer immediately executes all statements that are not written inside a function. This includes the statement to call the main function:

# Start this program by
# calling the main function.
main()

This means that when we run our test functions, the computer will import our program functions and at the same time, will execute the call to main() which will start the program executing. However, we don’t want the computer to execute the program while it is executing the test functions, so we have a problem. How can we get the computer to import the program functions without executing the main function? Fortunately, the developers of Python gave us a solution to this problem. Instead of writing the following code to start our program running:

# Start this program by
# calling the main function.
main()

We write an if statement above the call to main() like this:

# If this file is executed like this:
# > python program.py
# then call the main function. However, if this file is simply
# imported (e.g. into a test file), then skip the call to main.
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Writing the if statement above the call to main() is the correct way to write code to start a program. The Python programming language guarantees that when the computer imports the program functions (in order to test them), the comparison in the if statement will be false, so the computer will skip the call to main(). At another time, when the computer executes the program (not the test functions), the comparison in the if statement will be true, which will cause the computer to call the main function and start the program.

Which Program Functions Should We Test?

Because we are responsible computer programmers and want to ensure that all of our program functions work correctly, we would like to test all program functions. In other words, we would like to write at least one test function for each program function. However, this may not always be possible. The easiest program functions to test are the functions that have parameters and return a value. The hardest program functions to test are the functions that get user input, print results to a terminal window, or draw something to a window. During the next eight lessons in CSE 111, we will usually write one test function for each program function that is easy to test, meaning each function that does not get user input and does not print to a terminal window. This means that you won’t write a test function for your program’s main function because main usually gets user input and prints to a terminal window.

Video

Watch the following video that shows a BYU-Idaho faculty member writing two test functions and using pytest to run them.

ifr

Writing a Test Function (20 minutes)

Documentation

The official online documentation for pytest contains much more information about using pytest. The following pages are the most applicable to CSE 111.

Summary

During this lesson, you are learning to write test functions that automatically verify that program functions are working correctly. In CSE 111, you will write test functions in a Python file that is separate from your program file. At the top of the test file, you will import the program functions. Then you will write one test function for each program function, except main. Within a test function, you will write assert statements that compare the value returned from a program function to the expected value. You will use a standard Python module named pytest to run your test functions. When a test fails, you will use the output of pytest to help you find and fix the mistakes in your code.

W03 Checkpoint: Testing Functions

Purpose

Improve your ability to verify the correctness of functions by writing a test function and running it with pytest.

Assignment

Write a test function that tests a previously written function. Then use pytest to run test functions.

Helpful Documentation

pip is a standard Python module that you can use to download and install third-party modules. During the checkpoint of this lesson, you will use pip to download and install pytest, so that you can use pytest in your test code.
This video about the pip module (16 minutes) shows a BYU-Idaho faculty member using pip to install other Python modules.

Steps

Do the following:

Open a new terminal frame in VS Code by doing the following:
1. Open VS Code
2. On the menu bar for VS Code, click "Terminal"
3. On the menu, click "New Terminal"
This will open a terminal frame at the bottom of the VS Code window. A terminal is a window or frame where a user can type and execute computer commands.
Copy and paste the following command into the terminal frame and execute the command by pressing the Enter key. This command will upgrade pip and several other parts of the Python installation modules so that pip will work correctly.
- Mac OS users:
```
python3 -m pip install --user --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
```
- Windows users:
```
python -m pip install --user --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
```
  - If your computer is running the Windows operating system, and the above command doesn’t work on your computer, try the py command instead of the python command like this:
```
py -m pip install --user --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
```
Install the pytest module by copying, pasting, and executing the following command in the terminal frame.
- Mac OS users:
```
python3 -m pip install --user pytest
```
- Windows users:
```
python -m pip install --user pytest
```
  - If your computer is running the Windows operating system, and the above command doesn’t work on your computer, try the py command instead of the python command like this:
```
py -m pip install --user pytest
```
Download these two Python files: words.py and test_words.py and save them in the same folder.
Open the downloaded words.py file in VS Code. Notice the words.py file contains two small functions named prefix and suffix. Notice also that each function has a documentation string (a triple quoted string immediately below a function header) that describes what the function does. Read the documentation strings for both functions.
Open the downloaded test_words.py file in VS Code. In test_words.py examine the test_prefix function. Notice that it takes no parameters and contains nine assert statements. Each assert statement calls the prefix function and then compares the value returned from the prefix function to the expected value.

In test_words.py write a function named test_suffix that is similar to the test_prefix function. The test_suffix function should take no parameters and contain nine assert statements that call the suffix function with these parameters:

Arguments		Expected Return Value
s1	s2	Expected Return Value
""	""	""
""	"correct"	""
"clear"	""	""
"angelic"	"awesome"	""
"found"	"profound"	"found"
"ditch"	"itch"	"itch"
"happy"	"funny"	"y"
"tired"	"fatigued"	"ed"
"swimming"	"FLYING"	"ing"

Save your test_words.py file and run it by clicking the green run icon in VS Code.

Testing Procedure

Verify that your test program works correctly by following each step in this procedure:

Run your test program and ensure that your test program’s output is similar to the sample run output below.

> python test_words.py
=================== test session starts ====================
platform win32--Python 3.8.6, pytest-6.1.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy
rootdir: C:\Users\cse111\week03
collected 2 items
test_words.py::test_prefix PASSED                     [ 50%]
test_words.py::test_suffix PASSED                     [100%]
==================== 2 passed in 0.09s =====================

Sample Solution

When your program is finished, view the sample solution for this assignment to compare your solution to that one. Before looking at the sample solution, you should work to complete this checkpoint program. However, if you have worked on it for at least an hour and are still having problems, feel free to use the sample solution to help you finish your program.

Call Graph

The following call graph shows the function calls and returns in the sample solution for this assignment. From this call graph we see that the computer starts executing the sample test functions by calling the pytest.main function. While executing the pytest.main function, the computer calls the test_prefix function. While executing the test_prefix function, the computer calls the prefix function. Then while still executing the pytest.main function, the computer calls the test_suffix function. While executing the test_suffix function, the computer calls the suffix function.

Ponder

During this assignment, you downloaded a Python file that contains two program functions named prefix and suffix. You wrote a test function named test_suffix that is similar to the test_prefix function that was given to you. You used pytest to run both test functions and examined the output of pytest to verify that the test functions passed. Because the test functions called prefix and suffix with many different arguments and verified (using assert) that the values returned from prefix and suffix were correct, we can assume that the prefix and suffix functions work correctly. Do you think writing and running test functions will help you write better programs?

Up Next

W03 Prepare 2: Troubleshooting Functions